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This article investigates the cognitive limitations on policy change in counterinsurgency (COIN) efforts by examining why American decision makers failed to revise their government strategy substantially while fighting the insurgency in Afghanistan in 2003 2014 and why their British counterparts were more successful in adjusting their policies in the Malayan insurgency in 1948 1954. Unlike most of the COIN literature that concentrates on military strategy and tactics, the analysis of government policy making in Malaya holds some important political lessons for American leaders today despite differences between the insurgencies in Afghanistan and British Malaya. As a response to the criticism of COIN studies in general that they lack theoretical guidance, this article utilizes an integrated cognitivist prospect theory framework. It is argued that some of the COIN literature mistakenly suggests that a more difficult strategic situation was primarily responsible for American failure in Afghanistan. Instead, American decision makers faced a more difficult task cognitively than their British counterparts, as policy change in Afghanistan would have required greater ideational change. American principals were much more attached to their beliefs emotionally, had no alternative problem representation, and had to shift between frames in order to engineer a response that was more in line with events on the ground in Afghanistan. Regarding prospect theory, findings indicate that gains frames appear to be unhelpful in monitoring progress until catastrophic failure endangers the reference point, and that decision makers often have more than one reference point to attune their policies to, which often results in suboptimal choices with regard to at least one reference point.

Singaporean enterprises seek opportunities in Vietnam A Singaporean mission of nearly 20 firms will visit Vietnam from October 15 to 19 to sound out cooperation prospects. The trip is jointly held by the Vietnam Trade Office in Singapore, the Malaysia Singapore Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Singapore Business Federation. According to the organizers, the Singaporean delegation includes representatives of large corporations, such as Sembcorp, which has developed seven Vietnam Singapore industrial park projects in Vietnam, and NTUC, the retailer accounting for more than half of Singapore market share. Besides visits to corporations and industrial parks in Vietnam, there will be trade promotion meetings in HCMC and Can Tho City so that enterprises of the two countries can seek partners and export goods. Representatives of the South Agency of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the HCMC Department of Industry and Trade and the Vietnam Trade Office in Singapore will also [Read more.] about BUSINESS NEWS IN BRIEF 18/10

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